This is fanart of Genndy Tartakovsky's Primal. The Neanderthal is called Spear and the Tyrannosaurus is called Fang. EDIT: when I say that Spear is a Neanderthal I don't mean he's a human caveman. I mean that he's literally a Neanderthal, his species is Homo neanderthalensis.

For those who don't know, Neandethals or Homo neanderthalensis are a different species of hominids. They are supposed to be separate from us, the Homo Sapien. Often the Neanderthal is presented as our direct ancestor – which he is not, think of him more as an evolutionary cousin.

Our cavemen ancestors are instead called early H. sapien. Or Cro-Magnons if we are specifically talking about the first early H. sapien that settled in Europe.

EDIT: ok, the Neanderthals ARE our ancestors in the sense that the Neanderthals and the Cro-Magnons interbreed with each other. My point still stands, tho. Evolution wise Neanderthals are a different branch of the tree.